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Nine Great Flickr hunt Web Tools

2010-01-26T22:31:00.000-08:00

Flickr

One of the major photo sharing website which provides free and paid service around the world and it was acquired by Yahoo Inc. Meanwhile, like as twitter, Flickr has hundreds of web applications, web tools, desktop clients, bespoke image tracking and also Flickr has fitted photo search engine.

On that place, we will wrap a number of web based flickr tools; those are so polished and make your flickr experience smoother.

Retrievr

Amazing utensil to look at flickr images on the logic of drawing a rough sketch. It works fine for images associated with clouds, skies, grasses, forests, sunsets and a lot more.

Compfight

Based on your searched inquiry it will show photos based on tags and text and most matched images will be able to be seen in the display. It’s simple and loading so quick in screen.

Photo Dropper

Photo dropper is one more tool /plug-in for word press users which brings the functionality of flickr explore within word press dashboard. So it's very candy method to hunt for millions of Flickr photos that suite your position and articles. It has the best features for the profitable blog.

Flickr Color Selectr

Sometime it's vital to match images with posts and reliability. So, you will get options to get color from the RGB charts and lets you discover the most applicable images for your websites.

Flick Babel

This tool combine in between of flickr and Google translator and when you discover some cool images but can't recognize the text in underneath you can try Google translator that lets you understand immediately.

Flickr-storm

Let’s explore the most current attractive images from flickr without using flickr explore.

Tag Galaxy

If you've thought about solar system, in such types of outlook this site using and showing flickr tags and by clicking it will provide details about the solar system and demonstrate the images by click It's impressive but slow net link will be in problem, it takes more few more time to load.

Flickr-tick

Totally real time tools, that illustrate instantly which photos updates in recent times and also able to be seen for few seconds and then unseen and again revisable newly available photos and tracking flickr in a straight line.

Top 5 Product Google Will Launch In 2010

2010-01-11T21:54:00.000-08:00

Nowadays, Google is a vast companionship with several dozen wonderful products, up till now it constantly strives tough for enhanced future plans. Past year – 2009 has been exhilarating for the huge with couple of exciting release such as Google wave, preview of Google voice, introduced Chrome OS and Google Public DNS to name a few. So what does Google has in mind for 2010? Of course one fascinating release waiting is the Google Phone – Nexus one, but then there is lot more to come from the whole team that can create our lives simple and exciting. Here is the Top 5 product that Google may plan to launch in 2010.

1. Google Phone – Nexus One

As of now you already know that Nexus One is the future Google Phone and the great news is that it would be debuted anytime now in the Android Press Meeting. Nexus One is predictable to exhibit the latest invention of Linux-based open source Android operating system. In fact, this is also primary phone that will be marketed straightforwardly by Google, in turn setting up enormously higher expectations for the product. Engadget has already reviewed the phone previous to the launch and it beings some exciting set of information you might link to know. The phone is also said to bring tough contest for Apple iPhone.

2. Google’s Caffeine Search Engine

Caffeine is the subsequent version of Google’s search-engine communications and will soon be accessible to the wider audience. Caffeine engine is estimated to present technology to deliver faster and more precise results. This version was available for test and there is no exact date for launch given yet, but Google is sure to build up it fully in early 2010. The cause for not releasing it in 2009 was systematically explained by Matt cuts. As soon as the search engine release the first threat will straightforwardly be on Microsoft’s Bing.

3. Google’s E-book Store

Google has for all time been loving of books and have encouraged it reader to take part often. With that love Google now plans to start on an online store for e-books, which is predictable to come in the first half of 2010. Google E-book store will have half a million books originally in partner will few publishers. On the start on it is expected to have more than 500,000 books prepared to be purchased from online stores such as Amazon.com and Barnesandnoble.com. This interesting e-book store will be a tough completion to Amazon’s Kindle, which is today the most well-liked reader.

4. Google Chrome OS

Google Chrome Brower was a huge hit and in recent times it also moved ahead of Apple Safari. And next in store we have Google Chrome OS – an open source, lightweight operating system that will primarily be targeted only at net books. Google has designed to open-source its code, and will make Google Chrome OS obtainable to users in the second half of 2010. According the huge, speed, simplicity and security are the key aspects of Google Chrome OS. This OS is being created for people who spend most of their time on the web, and is being designed to power computers ranging from small net books to full-size desktop systems.

5. Google Drive – GDrive

Users generally have complained of not having sufficient space for them to store emails, photos, and files. With that in mind, Google came up the thought of GDrive integrated in Google pack – online file backup and storage service from Google that included with Google services like Gmail, Picasa Web Albums, Google Calendars, and many others. GDrive allows you to access your files from anywhere, anytime, and from any device – be it from your desktop, web browser or cellular phone. Google Drive is extremely predictable and expected to be released in 2010 but it will only be an extended version of Google Docs. Instead of sending attachments, you’ll be able to upload files to Google Drive from Gmail.

Web bug

2009-07-14T15:22:00.000-07:00

A Web bug is an object that is embedded in a web page or e-mail and is usually invisible to the user but allows checking that a user has viewed the page or e-mail. One common use is in e-mail tracking. Alternative names are Web beacon, tracking bug, tracking pixel, pixel tag, 1×1 gif, and clear gif.

A Web bug is any one of a number of techniques used to track who is reading a Web page or e-mail, when, and from what computer. They can also be used to see if an e-mail was read or forwarded to someone else, or if a Web page was copied to another Website. The first Web bugs were small images.

Some e-mails and Web pages are not wholly self-contained. They may refer to content on another server, rather than including the content directly. When an e-mail client or web browser prepares such an e-mail or Web page for display, it ordinarily sends a request to the server to send the additional content.

These requests typically include the IP address of the requesting computer, the time the content was requested, the type of Web browser that made the request, and the existence of cookies previously set by that server. The server can store all of this information, and associate it with a unique tracking token attached to the content request.

E-mail Web bugs

Web bugs embedded in e-mails have greater privacy implications than bugs embedded in Web pages. Typically, the URL of Web bugs contained in e-mail messages carry a unique identifier. This identifier is chosen when the e-mail is sent, and is recorded together with the recipient e-mail address. The later download of the URL signals that the e-mail has been read. The sender of the e-mail is therefore also able to record the exact time that a message was read, as well as the IP address of the computer used to read the mail or the proxy server that the user went through. In this way, the sender can gather detailed information about when, and from where, each particular recipient reads e-mail. Additionally, every time the e-mail message is displayed, another request may go to the sender's Web site.

Web bugs are used by e-mail marketers, spammers, and phishers to verify that e-mail addresses are valid, that the content of e-mails has made it past the spam filters, and that the e-mail is actually viewed by users. When the user reads the e-mail, the e-mail client requests the image, letting the sender know that the e-mail address is valid and that e-mail was viewed. The e-mail need not contain an advertisement or anything else related to the commercial activity of the sender. This makes detection of such e-mails harder for mail filters and users.

Tracking via Web bugs can be prevented by using e-mail clients that do not download images whose URLs are embedded in HTML e-mails. Many graphical e-mail clients can be configured to avoid accessing remote images. Examples include the Gmail, Yahoo!, and SpamCop/Horde webmail clients; Mozilla Thunderbird, Opera, Pegasus Mail, IncrediMail, later versions of Microsoft Outlook, and KMail mail readers. Other HTML techniques (such as IFrames) can still be used to track e-mail viewing.

Wide Area Information Servers

2009-06-22T13:00:00.000-07:00

Wide Area Information Servers or WAIS is a client-server text searching system that uses the ANSI Standard Z39.50 Information Retrieval Service Definition and Protocol Specifications for Library Application (Z39.50:1988) to search index databases on remote computers. It was developed in the late 1980s as a project of Thinking Machines, Apple Computer, Dow Jones, and KPMG Peat Marwick.

WAIS did not adhere to either the standard or its OSI framework (adopting instead TCP/IP) but created a unique protocol inspired by Z39.50:1988.

The WAIS protocol and servers were primarily promoted by Thinking Machines Corporation of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Thinking Machines produced WAIS servers which ran on their massively parallel CM-2 (connection machine) and SPARC-based CM-5 MP supercomputers. WAIS clients were developed for various operating systems including Windows, Macintosh, NeXT and UNIX. TMC, however, released a free open source version of WAIS to run on Unix in 1991.

Inspired by the WAIS project on full text databases and emerging SGML projects Z39.50 version 2 or Z39.50:1992 was released. Unlike its 1988 predecessor it was a compatible superset of the ISO 10162/10163 work that had been done internationally.

With the advent of Z39.50:1992, the termination of support for the free WAIS from Thinking Machines and the establishment of WAIS Inc as a commercial venture (their WAIS was written to use the Fulcrum fulltext engine), the U.S. National Science Foundation funded CNIDR to create a clearinghouse of information related to Internet search and discovery systems and to promote open source and standards. CNIDR created a new freely available open-source WAIS. This created first the freeWAIS package based on the wais-8-b5 codebase implemented by Thinking Machines Corp and then a wholly new software suite Isite based upon Z39.50:1992 with Isearch as its full text search engine.

Ulrich Pfeifer and Norbert Gövert of the computer science department of the University of Dortmund took the CNIDR freeWAIS code and extended it to become freeWAIS-sf: sf means structured fields and indicated its main improvement. Ulrich Pfeifer rewrote freeWAIS-sf in Perl where it became WAIT.

Server Message Block

2009-06-04T14:52:00.000-07:00

In computer networking, Server Message Block (SMB) operates as an application-layer network protocol mainly used to provide shared access to files, printers, serial ports, and miscellaneous communications between nodes on a network. It also provides an authenticated Inter-process communication mechanism. Most usage of SMB involves computers running Microsoft Windows, where it is often known as "Microsoft Windows Network".

When discussing SMB, one should distinguish:

* the SMB protocol
* the SMB services that run on the protocol
* NetBIOS
* the DCE/RPC services that use SMB as an authenticated Inter-process communication channel (over named pipes)
* the "Network Neighborhood" protocols which primarily (but not exclusively) run as datagram services directly on the NetBIOS transport

Smokeless Tobacco

2009-06-01T09:38:00.000-07:00

Many people who chew tobacco or dip snuff think it's safer than smoking. But you don't have to smoke tobacco for it to be dangerous. Chewing or dipping carries risks like

* Cancer of the mouth
* Decay of exposed tooth roots
* Pulling away of the gums from the teeth
* White patches or red sores in the mouth that can turn to cancer

Recent research shows the dangers of smokeless tobacco may go beyond the mouth. It might also play a role in other cancers, heart disease and stroke.

Smokeless tobacco contains more nicotine than cigarettes. Nicotine is a highly additive drug that makes it hard to stop using tobacco once you start. Having a quit date and a quitting plan can help you stop successfully.

Contact Lens-improve defective vision

2009-05-05T10:04:00.000-07:00

Contact Lenses are simple to wear and care for, and are almost undetectable. They are thin discs of plastic, curved on the inside to fit properly onto the surface of the eye, and shaped on the outside to correct and improve defective vision, for bandaging the eye after surgery, and cosmetic benefits e.g. to cover white scarring of the eye or to change the colour of the eye for fashion. With advancing technology Contact Lenses can correct all forms of visual defects including Astigmatism safely and comfortably. There are basically two types of contact lenses : Rigid and Soft. Both types come in varying materials with different levels of oxygen permeabilities. The higher the oxygen permeability the better it is for the eye.

Rubella-lu-like symptoms

2009-04-15T13:36:00.000-07:00

Rubella is an illness with flu-like symptoms followed by a rash. Common symptoms include

* Low-grade fever
* Headache
* Runny nose
* Red eyes
* Muscle or joint pain

Rubella is usually mild. You may get it and not even know it. However, adults who get rubella often feel sicker than children do. The biggest danger of rubella is if a woman gets it during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. She may lose the baby, or the virus could cause problems to her unborn baby. Those problems could include cataracts, deafness or damage to the heart or brain.

A virus causes rubella. It can spread from one person to another through the air or through close contact with someone who has it. There is no treatment for rubella, but the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine can prevent it.

Campus area network (CAN)

2009-04-09T08:53:00.000-07:00

A campus area network (CAN) is a computer network made up of an interconnection of local area networks (LANs) within a limited geographical area. It can be considered one form of a metropolitan area network, specific to an academic setting.

In the case of a university campus-based campus area network, the network is likely to link a variety of campus buildings including; academic departments, the university library and student residence halls. A campus area network is larger than a local area network but smaller than a wide area network (WAN).

The main aim of a campus area network is to facilitate students accessing internet and university resources. This is a network that connects two or more LANs but that is limited to a specific and contiguous geographical area such as a college campus, industrial complex, office building, or a military base.

Computer network nodes

2009-04-02T08:03:00.000-07:00

In data communication, a node may either be a data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE) such as a modem, hub, bridge or switch; or a data terminal equipment (DTE) such as a digital telephone handset, a printer or a host computer, for example a router, a workstation or a server.

If the network in question is the Internet, many network nodes are host computers, identified by an IP address, and all hosts are nodes. However, datalink layer devices such as switches, bridges and WLAN access points do not have an IP host address (except sometimes for administrative purposes), and are not considered as Internet nodes, but as network nodes.

If the network in question is a peer-to-peer or overlay network, nodes that actively route data for the other networked devices as well as themselves are called supernodes. Nodes that route between supernodes are commonly referred to as "super-duper" nodes.

Buses in system

2009-03-26T08:26:00.000-07:00

Buses can be parallel buses, which carry data words in parallel on multiple wires, or serial buses, which carry data in bit-serial form. The addition of extra power and control connections, differential drivers, and data connections in each direction usually means that most serial buses have more conductors than the minimum of one used in the 1-Wire serial bus. As data rates increase, the problems of timing skew, power consumption, electromagnetic interference and crosstalk across parallel buses become more and more difficult to circumvent.

One partial solution to this problem has been to double pump the bus. Often, a serial bus can actually be operated at higher overall data rates than a parallel bus, despite having fewer electrical connections, because a serial bus inherently has no timing skew or crosstalk. USB, FireWire, and Serial ATA are examples of this. Multidrop connections do not work well for fast serial buses, so most modern serial buses use daisy-chain or hub designs.

Most computers have both internal and external buses. An internal bus connects all the internal components of a computer to the motherboard. These types of buses are also referred to as a local bus, because they are intended to connect to local devices, not to those in other machines or external to the computer. An external bus connects external peripherals to the motherboard.

Universal Serial Bus

2009-03-19T08:31:00.000-07:00

Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a serial bus standard to connect devices to a host computer. USB was designed to allow many peripherals to be connected using a single standardized interface socket and to improve plug and play capabilities by allowing hot swapping; that is, by allowing devices to be connected and disconnected without rebooting the computer or turning off the device. Other convenient features include providing power to low-consumption devices, eliminating the need for an external power supply; and allowing many devices to be used without requiring manufacturer-specific device drivers to be installed.

USB is intended to replace many varieties of serial and parallel ports. USB can connect computer peripherals such as mice, keyboards, PDAs, gamepads and joysticks, scanners, digital cameras, printers, personal media players, flash drives, and external hard drives. For many of those devices, USB has become the standard connection method. USB was designed for personal computers, but it has become commonplace on other devices such as PDAs and video game consoles, and as a power cord between a device and an AC adapter plugged into a wall plug for charging. As of 2008[update], there are about 2 billion USB devices sold per year, and about 6 billion total sold to date.

World Wide Web Consortium

2009-03-12T12:31:00.000-07:00

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or W3). It is arranged as a consortium where member organizations maintain full-time staff for the purpose of working together in the development of standards for the World Wide Web. As of February 2008, the W3C had 434 members.

W3C also engages in education and outreach, develops software and serves as an open forum for discussion about the Web. It was founded and is headed by Sir Tim Berners-Lee.

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded by Tim Berners-Lee after he left the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in October, 1994. It was founded at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Laboratory for Computer Science (MIT/LCS) with support from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) -- which had pioneered the Internet -- and the European Commission.

Opera (Web browser)

2009-03-11T10:15:00.000-07:00

Opera is a web browser and Internet suite developed by the Opera Software company. Opera handles common Internet-related tasks such as displaying web sites, sending and receiving e-mail messages, managing contacts, IRC online chatting, downloading files via BitTorrent, and reading web feeds. Opera is offered free of charge for personal computers and mobile phones, but for other devices it must be paid for.

Features of Opera include tabbed browsing, page zooming, mouse gestures, and an integrated download manager. Its security features include built-in phishing and malware protection, strong encryption when browsing secure web sites, and the ability to easily delete private data such as cookies and browsing history by simply clicking a button.

Opera runs on a variety of personal computer operating systems, including Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, FreeBSD, and Solaris. Though evaluations of Opera have been largely positive, Opera has captured only a fraction of the worldwide personal computer browser market.

Opera has a stronger market share, however, on mobile devices such as mobile phones, smartphones, and personal digital assistants. Editions of Opera are available for devices using the Symbian and Windows Mobile operating systems, as well as Java ME-enabled devices. In fact, approximately 40 million mobile phones have shipped with Opera pre-installed. Furthermore, Opera is the only commercial web browser available for the Nintendo DS and Wii gaming systems. Some television set-top boxes use Opera as well, and Adobe licensed Opera technology for use in the Adobe Creative Suite.

URI scheme-Uniform Resource Identifier

2009-03-05T11:50:00.000-08:00

In the field of computer networking, a URI scheme is the top level of the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) naming structure. All URIs and absolute URI references are formed with a scheme name, followed by a colon character (":"), and the remainder of the URI called (in the outdated RFCs 1738 and 2396, but not the current STD 66/RFC 3986) the scheme-specific part. The syntax and semantics of the scheme-specific part are left largely to the specifications governing individual schemes, subject to certain constraints such as reserved characters and how to "escape" them.

URI schemes are sometimes erroneously referred to as "protocols", or specifically as URI protocols or URL protocols, since most were originally designed to be used with a particular protocol, and often have the same name. The http scheme, for instance, is generally used for interacting with Web resources using HyperText Transfer Protocol. Today, URIs with that scheme are also used for other purposes, such as RDF resource identifiers and XML namespaces, that are not related to the protocol. Furthermore, some URI schemes are not associated with any specific protocol (e.g. "file") and many others do not use the name of a protocol as their prefix (e.g. "news").

URI schemes should be registered with IANA, although non-registered schemes are used in practice. RFC 4395 describes the procedures for registering new URI schemes.

The World Wide Web Consortium

2009-02-26T15:18:00.000-08:00

Spreadsheet

2009-02-24T13:29:00.000-08:00

A table of values arranged in rows and columns. Each value can have a predefined relationship to the other values. If you change one value, therefore, you may need to change other values as well.

Spreadsheet applications are computer programs that let you create and manipulate spreadsheets electronically. In a spreadsheet application, each value sits in a cell. You can define what type of data is in each cell and how different cells depend on one another. The relationships between cells are called formulas, and the names of the cells are called labels.

Once you have defined the cells and the formulas for linking them together, you can enter your data. You can then modify selected values to see how all the other values change accordingly. This enables you to study various what-if scenarios.

Mosaic (web browser)

2009-02-19T08:23:00.000-08:00

Mosaic is the web browser credited with popularizing the World Wide Web. It was also a client for earlier protocols such as FTP, Usenet, and Gopher. Its clean, easily understood user interface, reliability, Windows port and simple installation all contributed to making it the application that opened up the Web to the general public. Mosaic was also the first browser to display images inline with text instead of displaying images in a separate window.

Mosaic was developed at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) beginning in late 1992. NCSA released the browser in 1993, and officially discontinued development and support on January 7, 1997. However, it can still be downloaded from NCSA.

Mosaic was the final link in the chain of technologies (TCP, IP, ftp | nntp | gopher | http, URL, HTML, etc.) which Tim Berners-Lee had earlier brought together to invent the World Wide Web. After the appearance of Mosaic the concept of the World Wide Web took off globally at an explosive rate.

ViolaWWW

2009-02-12T08:08:00.000-08:00

Viola WWW, first developed in the early 1990s, was the first popular WWW web browser (though to a limited audience) which, until Mosaic, was the most frequently used web browser for access to the World Wide Web.Gillies and Cailliau in How the Web was Born offer an extensive history of the development of Viola. Viola was the invention of Pei-Yuan Wei, who at the time was a student at the University of California, Berkeley.

Created in 1992, it was the first browser to use authoring technology such as embedded script able objects, style sheets, and tables. According to Gilles and Cailliau "Viola was to become the first X-browser to make any impact, but even his early versions went down well at CERN...As this Viola WWW developed, it was to set the standard for everything to follow it." Ed Kroll also highlighted it in his popular 1992 text, Whole Internet User's Guide and Catalog.

Cascading Style Sheets

2009-02-05T13:50:00.001-08:00

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used to describe the presentation of a document written in a markup language. Its most common application is to style web pages written in HTML and XHTML, but the language can be applied to any kind of XML document, including SVG and XUL.

CSS can be used locally by the readers of web pages to define colors, fonts, layout, and other aspects of document presentation. It is designed primarily to enable the separation of document content (written in HTML or a similar markup language) from document presentation (written in CSS). This separation can improve content accessibility, provide more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation characteristics, and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content (such as by allowing for table less web design).

Link rot

2009-01-29T10:03:00.000-08:00

Link rot (or linkrot) is the process by which links on a website gradually become irrelevant or broken as time goes on, because websites that they link to disappear, change their content or redirect to new locations.

The phrase also describes the effects of failing to update web pages so that they become out-of-date, containing information that is old and useless, and that clutters up search engine results.

Detecting link rot for a given URL is difficult using automated methods. If a URL is accessed and returns back an HTTP 200 (OK) response, it may be considered accessible, but the contents of the page may have changed and may no longer be relevant. Some web servers also return a soft 404, a page returned with a 200 (OK) response (instead of a 404) that indicates the URL is no longer accessible. Bar-Yossef et al. (2004) developed a heuristic for automatically discovering soft 404s.

C (programming language)

2009-01-15T09:29:00.000-08:00

In computing, C is a general-purpose computer programming language originally developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories to implement the Unix operating system.Although C was designed for writing architecturally independent system software,it is also widely used for developing application software.

Worldwide, C is the first or second most popular language in terms of number of developer positions or publicly available code. It is widely used on many different software platforms, and there are few computer architectures for which a C compiler does not exist. C has greatly influenced many other popular programming languages, most notably C++, which originally began as an extension to C, and Java and C# which borrow C lexical conventions and ope.

NeXTdimension

2009-01-08T09:28:00.000-08:00

NeXTdimension (ND) was an accelerated 32 bit color board manufactured and sold by NeXT from 1990 that gave the NeXTcube color capabilities with PostScript. The NuBus card was a full size card for the NeXTcube, filling one of four slots, another one being filled with the main board itself. The NeXTdimension featured S-Video input and output, RGB output, an Intel i860 64 bit RISC processor at 33MHz for Postscript acceleration, 8-32MB RAM main memory and 4MB VRAM for a resolution of 1120*832 at 24 bit color plus 8 bit alpha channel. An onboard C-Cube CL550 chip for MJPEG video compression was announced, but never shipped. A handful of engineering prototypes for the MJPEG daughterboard exist, but none actually function.

A stripped down Mach kernel was used as the operating system for the card. Due to the supporting processor 32 bit color Display PostScript on the NeXTdimension was faster than 2 bit grayscale Display PostScript on the NeXTcube. Since the main board always included the grayscale video logic, adding a NeXTdimension allowed the simultaneous use of two monitors. List price for a NeXTdimension sold as an add-on to the NeXTcube was $US 3,995.

Netscape Navigator

2009-01-01T09:27:00.000-08:00

Netscape Navigator and Netscape are the names for the proprietary web browser popular in the 1990s, and the flagship product of the Netscape Communications Corporation, and the dominant web browser in terms of usage share. Yet by 2002 its users had almost disappeared, partly because of Microsoft's bundling (inclusion) of its Internet Explorer web browser software with the Windows operating system software (both Microsoft products), and partly because Netscape corporation did not sustain Netscape Navigator's technical innovation after the late 1990s.

The business demise of Netscape was a central premise of Microsoft's antitrust trial, wherein, the Court ruled that Microsoft corporation's bundling of Internet Explorer with the Windows operating system was monopolistic, an illegal business practice.

Internet Engineering Task Force

2008-12-25T09:24:00.000-08:00

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) develops and promotes Internet standards, cooperating closely with the W3C and ISO/IEC standard bodies and dealing in particular with standards of the TCP/IP and Internet protocol suite. It is an open standards organization, with no formal membership or membership requirements. All participants and leaders are volunteers, though their work is usually funded by their employers or sponsors; for instance, the current chairperson is funded by VeriSign and the U.S. government's.

BBN initially chose a rugged zed version of Honeywell's DDP-516 computer to build the first-generation IMP. The 516 was originally configured with 24 kB of core memory (expandable) and a 16 channel Direct Multiplex Control (DMC) direct memory access control unit. Custom interfaces were used to connect, via the DMC, to each of the hosts and modems. In addition to the lamps on the front panel of the 516 there was also a special set of 24 indicator lights to show the status of the IMP communication channels. Each IMP could support up to four local hosts and could communicate with up to six remote IMPs over leased lines.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol

2008-12-18T09:22:00.000-08:00

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a communications protocol. Its use for retrieving inter-linked text documents (hypertext) led to the establishment of the World Wide Web.

HTTP development was coordinated by the World Wide Web Consortium and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), culminating in the publication of a series of Requests for Comments (RFCs), most notably RFC 2616 (June 1999), which defines HTTP/1.1, the version of HTTP in common use.

HTTP is a request/response standard between a client and a server. A client is the end-user, the server is the web site. The client making a HTTP request—using a web browser, spider, or other end-user tool—is referred to as the user agent. The responding server—which stores or creates resources such as HTML files and images—is called the origin server. In between the user agent and origin server may be several intermediaries, such as proxies, gateways, and tunnels. HTTP is not constrained to using TCP/IP and its supporting layers, although this is its most popular application on the Internet. Indeed HTTP can be "implemented on top of any other protocol on the Internet, or on other networks. HTTP only presumes a reliable transport; any protocol that provides such guarantees can be used."

Publishing Web pages

2008-12-11T13:59:00.001-08:00

Web page production is available to individuals outside the mass media. In order to publish a Web page, one does not have to go through a publisher or other media institution, and potential readers could be found in all corners of the globe.

Many different kinds of information are available on the Web, and for those who wish to know other societies, cultures, and peoples, it has become easier.

The increased opportunity to publish materials is observable in the countless personal and social networking pages, as well as sites by families, small shops, etc., facilitated by the emergence of free Web hosting services.

Head and Brain Malformations

2008-12-04T14:44:00.000-08:00

Most brain malformations begin long before a baby is born. Something damages the developing nervous system or causes it to develop abnormally. Sometimes it's a genetic problem. In other cases, exposure to certain medicines, infections or radiation during pregnancy interferes with brain development. Types of brain malformations include missing parts of the brain, abnormal growth of certain parts of the brain, and incomplete division of the brain.

There are head malformations that do not involve the brain. Craniofacial disorders are the result of abnormal growth of soft tissue and bones in the face and head. It's common for new babies to have slightly lopsided heads, but parents should watch the shape of their baby's head for possible problems.

Wounds

2008-11-20T15:20:00.001-08:00

Wounds include cuts, scrapes, scratches and punctured skin. They often occur as a result of an accident or injury, but surgical incisions, sutures, and stitches also cause wounds. Minor wounds usually aren't serious, but even cuts and scrapes require care. To avoid infection and aid healing

* Apply pressure with a clean cloth to stop bleeding
* Clean the wound with water
* Use an antibiotic ointment to prevent infection
* Bandage the wound if it's in an area that might get dirty
* Watch for swelling and redness
* Get a tetanus booster if you are due for one

Serious and infected wounds require medical attention. You should also seek attention if the wound is deep, if you cannot close it yourself, if you cannot stop the bleeding or get the dirt out, or if it does not heal.

Teen Health

2008-11-05T15:29:00.000-08:00

As a teenager, you go through many changes. For one thing, your body is on its way to becoming its adult size. Have you noticed that you can't fit into your old shoes or that your jeans are now 3 inches too short? Along with these changes, you are probably becoming more independent and making more of your own choices. Some of the biggest choices you face are about your health.

Why? Because healthy habits, including eating nutritiously and being physically active, can help you feel good, look good and do your best in school, work or sports. They might also prevent diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, osteoporosis, stroke and some cancers when you are older.

Now is the time to take charge of your health. Making even small changes for the better will help you look and feel your best!

WWW :Privacy

2008-10-16T02:11:00.000-07:00

"We are left with the alarming question as to whether privacy should be put before global safety." wrote Abhilash Sonwane of Cyberoam. Among services paid for by publicity, Yahoo! could collect the most data about profitable Web users, about 2,500 bits of in order per month about each typical user of its site and its allied publicity network sites. Yahoo! was followed by MySpace with about half that budding and then by AOL-TimeWarner, Google, Facebook, Microsoft, and eBay. About 27% of websites operate outside .com address.

Standards of WWW

2008-10-09T06:05:00.000-07:00

Many formal standards and other technical stipulation define the operation of different aspect of the World Wide Web, the Internet, and computer in sequence exchange. Many of the papers are the work of the World Wide Web Consortium, headed by Berners-Lee, but some are shaped by the Internet Engineering Task Force and other organization.

Usually, when Web standards are discussed, the next publications are seen as opening:

* Recommendations used for markup languages, especially HTML and XHTML, from the W3C. These define the structure and interpretation of hypertext papers.

* Recommendations used for stylesheets, especially CSS, from the W3C.

* Standards for ECMAScript, from Ecma worldwide.

* Recommendations for the text Object Model, from W3C.

Additional publications give definitions of other essential technology for the World Wide Web, including, but not partial to, the next:

* Uniform Resource Identifier, which is a universal system for referencing capital on the Internet, such as hypertext documents and images. URIs, often called URLs, is defined by the IETF's RFC 3986 / STD 66: Uniform Resource Identifier: Generic Syntax, as well as its predecessor and numerous URI scheme-defining RFCs;

* HyperText Transfer Protocol, especially as distinct by RFC 2616: HTTP/1.1 and RFC 2617: HTTP Authentication, which specify how the browser and server validate each other.

World Wide Web working principle

2008-09-24T21:50:00.000-07:00

Viewing a Web page on the World Wide Web usually begins either by typing the URL of the page into a Web browser, or by next a hyperlink to that page or resource. The Web browser then initiates a series of communication messages, behind the scenes, in order to fetch and show it.

First, the server-name portion of the URL is resolved into an IP address using the global, dispersed Internet folder known as the domain name system, or DNS. This IP address is essential to contact and send data packet to the Web server.

The browser then requests the resource by distribution an HTTP request to the Web head waiter at that particular address. In the case of a typical Web page, the HTML text of the page is request first and parsed right away by the Web browser, which will then make additional requests for imagery and any other files that form a part of the page. Statistics measuring a website's status are usually based on the number of 'page views' or linked server 'hits', or file requests, which take put.

Having received the essential files from the Web server, the browser then render the page onto the screen as specified by its HTML, CSS, and other Web languages. Any images and other income are included to produce the on-screen Web sheet that the user sees.

Most Web pages will themselves contain hyperlinks to other connected pages and perhaps to downloads, source credentials, definition and other Web resources. Such a collection of useful, linked resources, unified via hypertext links, is what was dubbed a "web" of information. Making it accessible on the Internet shaped what Tim Berners-Lee first called the WorldWideWeb in 1990.

World Wide Web

2008-09-18T04:51:00.000-07:00

The World Wide Web is a system of interlinked hypertext documents access via the Internet. With a Web browser, a user views Web pages that may hold text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigates between them using hyperlinks. The World Wide Web was created in 1989 by British scientist Sir Tim Berners-Lee, working at the European association for Nuclear Research in Geneva, Switzerland, and released in 1992. Since then, Berners-Lee has played an active role in guiding the growth of Web standards , and in recent years has advocate his idea of a Semantic Web.

Smoking Cessation

2008-09-11T06:33:00.000-07:00

Tobacco use is the most ordinary preventable cause of death. About half of the people who don't quit smoking will die of smoking-related harms. Quitting smoking is significant for your health and provides much profit. Soon after you quit, your circulation begins to perk up, and your blood pressure starts to return to normal. Your sense of smell and taste return and inhalation starts to become easier. In the long term, giving up tobacco can help you live longer. Your risk of getting cancer decrease with each year you stay smoke-free.

Quitting is not easy. You may have short-term property such as weight gain, touchiness and anxiety. Some people try several times before following. There are many ways to quit smoking. Some populaces stop "cold turkey." Others benefit from step-by-step manuals, therapy or medicines or harvests that help reduce nicotine habit. Your health care source can help you find the best way for you to quit.

Paralysis

2008-09-04T01:19:00.000-07:00

Paralysis is the loss of muscle purpose in part of your body. It happen when incredible goes wrong with the way messages pass among your brain and muscles. Paralysis can be total or partial. It can occur on one or together sides of your body. It can also occur in just one area, or it can be widespread. Paralysis of the worse half of your body, counting both legs, is called paraplegia. Paralysis of the arms and legs is quadriplegia.
Most paralysis is due to strokes or injuries such as spinal cord injury or a not working neck. Other causes of paralysis comprise

* Nerve disease such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
* Autoimmune disease such as Guillain-Barre syndrome
* Bell's palsy, which affect muscles in the face

Health Fraud

2008-08-27T22:06:00.000-07:00

You have most likely seen ads for miracle cures an addition to cure cancer, a starve yourself to cure diabetes. But consider if it sounds too good to be true, then it possibly is. Health fraud involves selling drugs, devices, foods or makeup that has not been proven effective. At best, these scams don't work. At bad, they're dangerous. They also waste money, and they might keep you from receiving the action you really need.

Health scams often goal older people. Most victims in the United States are older than 65. To protect physically

* Question claim of "miracle cures" or "breakthroughs"

* Recognize that newspapers, magazines, and radio and TV stations do not have to make sure that the ads they run are true

* Find out about goods before you buy them

* Don't let salespeople force you into making snap decision

* Check with your doctor previous to attractive products

Volcano

2008-08-20T22:30:00.000-07:00

A volcano is an utter in the Earth's crust. Hot rock, steam, toxic gases and ash reach the Earth’s surface when a volcano erupts. An eruption can also basis for earthquakes, mudflows and flash floods, rock falls and landslides, acid rain, fires, and even tsunamis.

Volcanic gas and ash can spoil the lungs of small infants, older adults, and people with cruel respiratory illnesses. Volcanic ash can affects people hundreds of miles away from the outbreak.

Although there is no guarantee of safety during a volcanic eruption, you can take events to protect yourself. You should have a adversity plan. Being ready can help reduce fear, anxiety and dead.

Tsunami

2008-08-13T22:46:00.000-07:00

A tsunami is a sequence of huge ocean waves created by an underwater interruption. Causes include earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, or meteorites chunks of rock from space that hit the surface of Earth. A tsunami can move hundreds of miles for every hour in the open ocean. It can smash into land by means of waves as high as 100 foot or more and cause disturbing floods. Drowning is the most general cause of death related to a tsunami.

Although there are no guarantees of security during a tsunami, you can take events to protect yourself. You should have a disaster map. Being prepared can help decrease fear, anxiety and losses.

Information Technology

2008-08-06T21:51:00.000-07:00

Information technology (IT), is the study, design, development, implementation, support or administration of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware.In short, IT deals with the use of electronic computers and computer software to transfer, store, protect, process, transmit and get back information, securely.

In this definition, the term "information" can frequently be replaced by "data" without loss of meaning. Recently it has become popular to widen the term to explicitly consist of the field of electronic communication so that people tend to use the abbreviation ICT (Information and Communication Technology). Strictly speaking, this name contains some redundancy.

Today, the term Information Technology has distended to encompass many aspects of computing and technology, and the term is more identifiable than ever before. The Information Technology umbrella can be quite large, covering many fields. IT professionals achieve a variety of duties that range from installing applications to designing complex computer networks and information databases.

What about children using wireless phones?

2008-05-15T03:22:00.001-07:00

The scientific evidence does not show a danger to users of wireless phones, including children and teenagers. If you want to take steps to lower exposure to radiofrequency energy (RF), the measures described above would apply to children and teenagers using wireless phones. Reducing the time of wireless phone use and increasing the distance between the user and the RF source will reduce RF exposure.

Some groups sponsored by other national governments have advised that children be discouraged from using wireless phones at all. For example, the government in the United Kingdom distributed leaflets containing such a recommendation in December 2000. They noted that no evidence exists that using a wireless phone causes brain tumors or other ill effects. Their recommendation to limit wireless phone use by children was strictly precautionary; it was not based on scientific evidence that any health hazard exists.

HP Officejet Pro K5400dn Colour Inkjet Printer

2008-05-08T03:36:00.000-07:00

Inkjet printers provide easy and quick access to printing without any smudged or spilt ink problems. HP Officejet Pro K5400dn Colour Inkjet Printer with dimensions of (W) 49.5 cm x(D) 46.6 cm x (H) 20.7 cm and weighing 9.5 kilograms can be installed easily and provide exceptional printouts within minutes. This colour inkjet printer has 4-ink palette supports to provide beautiful images.

With wired connectivity technology, this smart colour printer can handle media on envelopes, transparencies, greeting cards, labels, plain papers, photo papers and index cards. Maximum resolution in black & white is 1200 dpi x 1200 dpi and in coloured is 4800 dpi x 1200 dpi. USB, Ethernet 10/100 base-TX interface and Duplex printouts with borderless printing are unique to this sleek appliance ensuring high performance.

The processor used is ARM946 192 MHz with installed RAM assuring a maximum of 32 MB/32 MB. Total media capacity is 250 sheets and maximum media capacity is 600 sheets. Output trays capacity is 150 sheets and the monthly duty cycle of 7500 pages provide high standard equipment. Connections are 1 x USB-4 PIN USB type-B, 1 x Network- Ethernet 10 Base-T/100 Base TX –RJ-45.

Internal power device power supply requires voltage of AC 120/230 Volts and the frequency required for 100 % satisfaction is 50/60 Hz. Operational power consumption is 36.6 Watts and power consumption in sleep or stand by mode is 6.3 Watts, saving of power is assured in this HP Officejet Pro K5400dn Colour Inkjet Printer.

OS Supported

• Microsoft Windows XP
• Microsoft windows 98/ME/2000
• Apple MAC OS X 10.3
• Apple MAC OS X 10.4

Art Since 1867

2008-04-24T15:29:00.001-07:00

In the years after 1867, when Emperor Meiji ascended the throne, Japan was once again invaded by new and alien forms of culture.

Painting

The first response of the Japanese was open-hearted acceptance, and in 1876 the Technological Art School was opened, employing Italian instructors to teach Western methods. The second response was a pendulum swing in the opposite direction spearheaded by Okakura Kakuzo and the American Ernest Fenollosa, who encouraged Japanese artists to retain traditional themes and techniques while creating works more in keeping with contemporary taste. Out of these two poles of artistic theory developed Yoga (Western-style painting) and Nihonga (Japanese painting), categories that remain valid to the present day.

Architecture

The need to rebuild Japan after World War II proved a great stimulus to Japanese architects, and contemporary Japanese buildings rank with the finest in the world in terms of technology and formal conception. The best-known Japanese architect is Kenzo Tange, whose National Gymnasiums (1964) for the Tokyo Olympics emphasizing the contrast and blending of pillars and walls, and with sweeping roofs reminiscent of the tomo-e (an ancient whorl-shaped heraldic symbol) are dramatic statements of form and movement.

WAP / GPRS / UMTS / HSDPA multiplayer game

2008-03-24T20:01:00.001-07:00

A GPRS connection which is regular among GSM mobile phones can be used to share the data globally. Developers can connect a mass number of mobile games with a single server and distribute data among the players. Some developers have achieved cross platform games, allowing a mobile player to play against a PC. WAP and GPRS best supports twist based games and small RPG games. Most of the counties have a weak GPRS velocity in their carriers. In these types of games, the game communicates with a global server which takes action like a router between the mobile phones. Faster connections like UMTS and HSDPA allow real time multiplayer gaming though speeds will still supply some level of lag. Currently, there are a lot of multiplayer mobile games entering the market.

Mobile phone

2008-03-17T19:18:00.001-07:00

The mobile phone or mobile, also called a wireless, cellular phone, cell phone, cell or hand phone (HP), is a long-range, portable electronic device used for mobile communication that uses a network of specialized foundation stations known as cell sites.

In addition to the standard voice function of a telephone, current mobile phones may support many other services, and accessories, such as SMS for text messaging, email, packet switching for access to the Internet, and MMS for sending and receiving photos and video. Most current mobile phones attached to a cellular network of base stations (cell sites), which is in turn interconnected to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) (the exception is satellite phones).

Software tools

2008-03-10T20:18:00.001-07:00

Software tools for distributed processing contain standard APIs such as MPI and PVM and open source-based software solutions such as Beowulf and openMosix which facilitate the creation of a sort of "virtual supercomputer" from a collection of ordinary workstations or servers. Technology like Rendezvous pave the way for the making of ad hoc computer clusters. An example of this is the distributed rendering function in Apple's Shake compositing function. Computers running the Shake software simply need to be in proximity to each other, in networking terms, to automatically discover and use each other's resources. While no one has yet built an ad hoc computer cluster that rivals even yesteryear's supercomputers, the line between desktop, or even laptop, and supercomputer is beginning to blur, and is probable to continue to blur as built-in support for parallelism and distributed processing increases in mainstream desktop operating systems. An easy programming language for supercomputers remains an open explore topic in Computer Science.

Physics in Natural science

2008-03-04T19:21:00.001-08:00

Physics embodies the study of the fundamental constituents of the universe, the forces and connections they exert on one another, and the results produced by these interactions. In general, the physics is regarded as the fundamental science as all other natural sciences utilize and obey the principles and laws set down by the field. Physics relies heavily on mathematics as the logical framework for formulation and quantification of principles.

The study of the principles of the universe has a long history and largely derives from shortest observation and experimentation. The formulation of theories about the governing laws of the universe has been essential to the study of physics from very early on, with philosophy gradually yielding to systematic, quantitative experimental testing and observation as the source of verification. Key historical developments in physics include Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation and classical mechanics, an understanding of electricity and it's relation to magnetism, Einstein's theories of special and common relativity, the improvement of thermodynamics, and the quantum mechanical model of atomic and subatomic physics.

The field of physics is extremely broad, and can contain such diverse studies as quantum mechanics and theoretical physics to applied physics and optics. Modern physics is becoming increasingly specialized, where researchers tend to focus on a exacting area rather than being "universalists" like Albert Einstein and Lev Landau, who worked in multiple areas.

Photographic Paper

2008-02-25T18:30:00.000-08:00

Until the advent of digital photographic processes, the individual meaning of photographic.

Paper was paper covered with light-sensitive chemicals. So-called photo papers of today are frequently specially coated papers for use in inkjet or laser printers to make digital prints. This article center of attention on traditional photographic papers. Photographic paper may be showing to light in a controlled manner either by placing a negative in make contact with the paper directly (contact printing) or by using an enlarger (enlarging) in order to create a latent image. Photographic papers are subsequently developed using wet chemicals to generate a visible image.

Barcode Printer

2008-02-19T18:10:00.001-08:00

A barcode printer (or bar code printer) is a computer peripheral for printing barcode labels or tags that can be fond of to physical objects. Barcode printers are normally used to label cartons before shipment, or to label retail items with UPCs or EANs.

The most regular barcode printers employ one of two different printing technologies. Direct thermal printers use a printhead to produce heat that causes a chemical reaction in specially designed paper that turns the paper black. Thermal transfer printers also use heat, but instead of reacting the paper, the heat melts a waxy or resin material on a ribbon that runs over the label or tag material. The heat transfers ink starting the ribbon to the paper. Direct thermal printers are normally less expensive, but they produce labels that can become illegible if exposed to heat, direct sunlight, or chemical vapors.

Barcode printers are designed for various markets. Industrial barcode printers are used in big warehouses and manufacturing facilities. They have big paper capacities, operate faster and have a longer service life. For retail and office environments, desktop barcode printers are most regular.

Typewriter-Derived Printers

2008-02-11T18:11:00.001-08:00

Several dissimilar computer printers were simply computer-controllable versions of existing electric typewriters. The Friden Flexowriter and IBM Selectric typewriter were the most-general examples. The Flexowriter printed with a conservative typebar mechanism while the Selectric used IBM's well-known "golf ball" printing mechanism. In either case, the letter form then struck a ribbon which was pressed beside the paper, printing one character at a time. The utmost speed of the Selectric printer (the faster of the two) was 15.5 characters per second.

Integrated circuit

2008-02-06T18:57:00.000-08:00

Integrated circuit viewing memory blocks, logic and input/output pads around the periphery Microchips with a transparent window, showing the integrated circuit inside. Note the fine silver-colored wires that attach the integrated circuit to the pins of the package. A monolithic integrated circuit (also known as IC, microcircuit, microchip, silicon chip, or chip) is a miniaturized electronic circuit (consisting mostly of semiconductor devices, as well as passive components) that has been contrived in the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material.

A hybrid integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit build of individual semiconductor devices, as well as passive components, bonded to a substrate or circuit board.

Cable

2008-01-29T17:14:00.000-08:00

Where an original analogue cable set-top box is previously required this has to be replaced to receive digital cable. From a user's point of vision the main advantage appears to be simply better picture quality and more channel availability, however (depending on the choices operators make regarding set top box hardware and middleware software) many other features become possible with the transfer away from analogue. Often a TV guide (7 day schedules) with extended information can be viewed, reminders to watch programmes can be situate and advanced parental censorship on channel content can be exercised. Operators also enjoy better CA (conditional access) on Digitally transmitted streams as they can be sent 'encrypted' with schemes such as DES encryption to help prevent unauthorised access and protect revenues.

Operators wishing to enlarge the carrying capacity of their original networks have to replace all analogue set top boxes with digital replacements earlier than turning off the analogue feeds, this is not a trivial or low cost solution as literally millions of set top boxes require replacement.

Some of the more advanced wire networks even have the use of a return path (a 2 way data communications path to allow DTV set top boxes to return information back to the operators head-end). This allows them to expand services offered to include interactive web style content viewing, gaming, voting and other 'on demand' services such as control of Video On Demand films.

Satellite

2008-01-21T18:55:00.000-08:00

DTV has been made known to be commercially viable in the satellite television market, where it is used to multiplex large numbers of channels onto the available bandwidth. The business representation for satellite DTV in the U.S. and the UK is similar to that for cable TV. Satellite DTV operators tend to take action as packagers for large numbers of channels, including pay-TV. The greater RF bandwidth accessible to satellite operators allows them to out-compete terrestrial DTV operators on both number of channels and picture quality.

The Broadcast Flag

2008-01-08T18:22:00.001-08:00

The fundamental nature of the FCC's rule was in 47 CFR 73.9002(b) and the following sections:

"No merrymaking shall sell or deal out in interstate commerce a enclosed Demodulator merchandise that does not meet the terms with the Demodulator Compliance Requirements and Demodulator Robustness Requirements."

The Demodulator Compliance Requirements insisted that all HDTV demodulators necessity listen for the flag (or assume it to be present in all signals). Flagged comfortable must be output only to "protected outputs" or in degraded form: through analog outputs or digital outputs with visual resolution of 720x480 pixels or less--less than 1/4 of HDTV's capability. Flagged content may be recorded only by "Authorized" methods, which may contain tethering of recordings to a single device.

The Demodulator Robustness Requirements were mainly troubling for open-source developers. In order to avert users from gaining access to the full digital signal, the FCC tied the hands of even sophisticated users and developers.

Digital television

2008-01-01T18:04:00.000-08:00

User wish for to keep the right to time- and space-shift that the VCR has given us (against Hollywood's protest). User want to keep the fair use rights that let us excerpt clips from press conferences or make our own "Daily Show" from the evening news. That's why we're cheering people to buy HDTV tuner cards now and build multi-function receivers and recorders around them.

The MythTV development has built a terrific personal video recorder (PVR) platform that gives a GNU/Linux PC features like TiVo's pause live TV and "season pass" recording. These are immense for geeks, and we're looking for volunteers to help make the combination more accessible to the general public.

There are also a number of alternatives for Windows and Macintosh computers that present similar features. We still require volunteers to help make these products more accessible to more people.

Video and digital Camera

2007-12-26T17:21:00.000-08:00

Video and digital cameras use electronics, generally a charge coupled device or sometimes a CMOS sensor to capture images which can be transferred or stored in tape or computer memory inside the camera for later playback or processing. Traditional cameras imprison light onto photographic film or photographic plate. A video camera is a kind of movie camera which stores images onto magnetic tape. Cameras that capture a lot of images in sequence are known as movie cameras or as cine cameras in Europe; those designed for single images are still cameras. However these categories overlap, as still cameras are often used to capture moving images in extraordinary effects work and modern digital cameras are often able to trivially switch between still and motion recording modes. Cameras that take 3D photographs are called as stereo cameras. Stereo cameras for creation 3D prints or slides have two lenses side by side. Stereo cameras for making lenticular prints have 3, 4, 5, or yet more lenses.

Railroad

2007-12-18T17:27:00.001-08:00

The terms railroad and railway commonly describe the same thing, a guided means of land transport, designed to be used by trains, for transporting both passengers and freight. Etymologically both words obtain from Old English; a road being something one rides along and way deriving from a Germanic base meaning move, journey, carry.

U.S. practice

Historically, in the United States of America the term railroad, particularly when used in a company name, implies a conventional rail system and railway implies a street railway, also known as a streetcar or light rail line. There are, however, quite a number of exceptions. In fact, many companies change from one period to the other when they re-incorporate, possibly to distinguish between the old and new companies (example: Seaboard Air Line Railroad).

Light rail

2007-12-13T17:31:00.001-08:00

Light rail is a exacting class of railway that includes trolleys and trams as well as modern multi-car trains that operate at street level. In the context of light rail, regular freight, traveler and longer distance railways are called heavy rail (but see also that article for a different usage of that word).

Light-rail systems can handle steeper gradients than grave rail, and curves sharp enough to fit within street intersections. They are classically built in urban areas, providing a frequent service with small, light trains or single cars.

Train

2007-12-04T17:22:00.000-08:00

In rail transport, a train consists of more than a few connected rail vehicles that are capable of being moved together along a guideway to transport freight or passengers from one place to another along a planned route. The guideway generally consists of conventional rail, but may be monorail or maglev. Propulsion for the train may come from a multiplicity of sources, but often from a locomotive or self-propelled multiple unit. A train can consist of a combination of a locomotive and attached carriages (also known as coaches or cars) or wagons, or a self-propelled several unit (or occasionally a single powered coach, called a railcar). Trains can also be hauled by horses, pulled by a lead, or run downhill by gravity.
Special kinds of trains running on related special 'railways' are atmospheric railways, monorails, high speed railways, maglev, rubber-tired underground, funicular and cog railways.

Rail gauge

2007-11-27T17:04:00.001-08:00

Rail gauge is the space between two rails of a railroad. Sixty percent of the world's railways use a 4 feet 8½ in (1435 mm) gauge, which is known as normal gauge or international gauge. The place where two different gauges meet is called a break of gauge.

Standard gauge was developed by British engineer George Stephenson, fashionable of the Stockton and Darlington railway, who convinced manufacturers to build equipment using the 4 feet 8½ in standard. In 1845 a royal commission suggested adoption of the 4 feet 8½ in standard, and the following year Parliament passed the Gauge Act, which required that new railways use standard gauge. Except for the Great Western Railway's Broad gauge, few main-line British railways used a dissimilar gauge, and the Great Western was converted to standard gauge in 1892.

Rail tracks

2007-11-21T16:57:00.000-08:00

Railroad or railway tracks are used on railways, which, together with railroad switches, guide trains without steering. They consist of two parallel steel rails, which are laid and fastened upon sleepers (or cross ties) which are embedded in ballast to form the railroad track. Rail tracks are normally laid on a bed of coarse stone chippings known as ballast, which combines resilience, some amount of flexibility, and good drainage; however, track can also be laid on or into concrete (across bridges, for example).

There are different ways of combination rails together to form tracks. The traditional way of doing this, was to bolt rails jointly in what is known as jointed track. In this form of track, lengths of rail, usually around 20 metres (60 feet) long are laid and fixed to sleepers (UK) (crossties, or simply ties in US practice), and are connected to other lengths of rail with steel plates known as fishplates (UK) or splices (US).

Rail transport

2007-11-13T17:24:00.000-08:00

A railroad or railway is a direct means of land transport, designed to be used by trains, for transport both passenger and delivery. It consists of two parallel rails, generally made of strengthen, and timber or existing sleepers or ties that grasp the rails accurately at the correct distance from each other.

Rail transport is one of the most power efficient means of mechanized land transport known. The rail gives very smooth and hard surfaces on which the wheels of the train may roll with a minimum of friction. This is more relaxed and saves energy. Trains also have a small frontal area in next of kin to the load they are carrying, which cuts down on air resistance and thus energy usage. In all, under the right situation, a train needs 50-70% less energy to transport a given tonnage of freight (or given number of passengers), than by road. Furthermore, together with the sleepers the rails distribute the weight of the train evenly, allowing considerably greater loads per axle/wheel than in road transport.

Theory of Film

2007-11-06T17:49:00.000-08:00

Film theory seeks to develop concise, logical concepts that apply to the study of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The origin of the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Béla Balázs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film be different from reality, and thus could be considered a valid fine art. André Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically replicate reality not in its differences from reality, and this gave rise to realist theory. More current analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics with other things has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and others.

Film’s in 20th century

2007-10-30T19:25:00.000-07:00

In the 1920s, new technology permitted filmmakers to attach to each film a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound films were initially illustrious by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies.

The next main step in the development of cinema was the introduction of color. While the addition of sound speedily eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually. The public was comparatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in color after the end of World War II, as the industry in America came to view color as necessary to attracting audiences in its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of the 1960s, color had become the norm for film makers.

Since the reject of the studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in the production and style of film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and the increase of film school educated independent filmmakers were all part of the changes the medium experienced in the latter half of the 20th century. Digital technology has been the energetic force in change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.

Development of Film in 1880’s

2007-10-23T20:07:00.001-07:00

The pictures were publicized at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per second depending on how rapidly the crank was turned. A number of of these machines were coin operated. By the 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed the individual constituent images to be captured and stored on a single reel, and led quickly to the development of a motion picture projector to be skilled at light through the processed and printed film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for an entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to be called as "motion pictures." Early motion cinema were static shots that showed an event or action with no editing or other cinematic techniques.

Motion pictures were purely visual art up to the late 19th century, but these inventive silent films had gained a hold on the public imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth century, films began developing a description structure by stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into various shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were realized as effective ways to portray a story on film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater owners would hire a pianist or organist or a full rock band to play music fitting the mood of the film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films came with a organized list of sheet music for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for major productions.

History of Film

2007-10-16T19:21:00.000-07:00

Mechanisms for producing unnaturally created, two-dimensional images in movement were demonstrated as early as the 1860s, with devices such as the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths of easy optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of still pictures at enough speed for the images on the pictures to show to be moving, a phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, the images wanted to be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect — and the underlying principle became the basis for the development of film animation.

A framework from Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's first film to date, by Louis Le Prince, 1888With the development of celluloid film for still photography, it became likely to directly capture objects in motion in real time. Early versions of the technology sometimes necessary a person to look into a viewing machine to see the pictures which were divide paper prints attached to a drum turned by a handcrank.

Film

2007-10-09T18:42:00.000-07:00

Film is a term that encompasses creature motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, and the motion picture industry. Films are formed by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or exceptional effects.

Films are artistic artifacts produced by exact cultures, which repeat those cultures, and, in turn, change them. Film is considered to be an main art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful method for enlightening -or indoctrinating- citizens. The visual elements of cinema give motion pictures a common power of communication; some movies have become popular universal attractions, by using dubbing or subtitles that transform the dialogue.

Traditional films are made up of a sequence of individual images called frames. When these images are shown quickly in succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the iridescent between frames due to an effect known as persistence of vision — whereby the eye retains a visual image for a small part of a second after the source has been removed.

The beginning of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) has historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms be present for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in common include the big screen, the silver screen, the cinema, and the movies.

Water abstraction

2007-09-25T22:35:00.000-07:00

Water abstraction, or water extraction, is the procedure of taking water from any source, either temporarily or permanently. Most water is used for irrigation or treatment to produce drinking water. Depending on the environmental legislation in the relevant country, controls may be located on abstraction to limit the amount of water that can be removed. Over abstraction can lead to rivers drying up or the level of groundwater aquifers reducing inappropriately. The science of hydrogeology is used to assess safe abstraction levels.

The Vanilla orchid

2007-09-18T21:45:00.000-07:00

The main type harvested for vanillin is Vanilla planifolia. Even though it is native to Mexico, it is now extensively grown throughout the tropics. Madagascar is the world's largest producer, Additional sources include Vanilla pompona and Vanilla tahitiensis (grown in Tahiti), though the vanillin satisfied of these species is much less than Vanilla planifolia.

Vanilla grows as a vine, mountaineering up an existing tree, pole, or other support. It can be full-fledged in a wood (on trees), in a plantation (on trees or poles), or in a "shader", in increasing orders of productivity. Left alone, it will produce as high as possible on the support, with few flowers. Every year, growers fold the senior parts of the plant downwards so that the plant stays at heights accessible by a standing human. This also very much stimulate flowering.

Troposphere

2007-09-11T22:17:00.001-07:00

From the Greek word "τρέπω" importance to turn or mix. The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere; it starts at the surface and extends to between 7 km (23,000 ft) at the poles and 17 km (60,000 ft) at the equator, with some distinction due to weather factors. The troposphere has a enormous deal of vertical mixing due to solar heating at the surface. This heating warms air masses, which makes them less intense so they rise. When an air mass raises the force upon it decreases so it expands, doing work against the contrasting pressure of the surrounding air. To do work is to use energy, so the temperature of the air mass decreases. As the temperature decreases, water vapor in the air mass may concentrate or solidify, releasing latent heat that further uplifts the air mass. This process determines the maximum rate of refuse of temperature with height, called the adiabatic lapse rate.

Human-powered transport

2007-04-02T04:43:00.000-07:00

Human-powered transport is transport of person(s) and or goods motorized by human muscle.
Like animal-powered transport, human-powered transport has been in continuation since time immemorial in the form of walking, running and swimming. However modern technology has led to machines to improve human-power. Although motorization has compact the effort in transport, many human-powered machines stay popular for leisure or exercise and for short distance travel. Human-powered transport is frequently the only (reliable) power source available in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions, and may be measured an ideal form of sustainable transportation.

Barge

2007-03-20T22:34:00.001-07:00

A barge is a flat-bottomed boat, built mostly for river and canal transport of important goods. Most barges are not self-propelled and need to be moved by tugboats towing or towboats pushing them. Barges on inland waterways (towed by draft animals on an adjacent towpath) contended with the railway in the early industrial revolution but were out competed in the carriage of high value items owing to the higher speed, falling costs, and route elasticity of rail transport.
Barges are still used today for low value bulk items, as the cost of hauling goods by barge is very low. Barges are also used for very weighty or bulky items; a typical barge events 195 feet by 35 feet (59.4 meters by 10.6 meters), and can take up to 1500 tons of cargo.