The study of the principles of the universe has a long history and largely derives from shortest observation and experimentation. The formulation of theories about the governing laws of the universe has been essential to the study of physics from very early on, with philosophy gradually yielding to systematic, quantitative experimental testing and observation as the source of verification. Key historical developments in physics include Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation and classical mechanics, an understanding of electricity and it's relation to magnetism, Einstein's theories of special and common relativity, the improvement of thermodynamics, and the quantum mechanical model of atomic and subatomic physics.
The field of physics is extremely broad, and can contain such diverse studies as quantum mechanics and theoretical physics to applied physics and optics. Modern physics is becoming increasingly specialized, where researchers tend to focus on a exacting area rather than being "universalists" like Albert Einstein and Lev Landau, who worked in multiple areas.
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